Kathy Keithley-Johnston kkjohnston@toxicdiscovery

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Kathy Keithley-Johnston kkjohnston@toxicdiscovery.com

25 septembre, 2005 15:25

Studies

Nat Med. 1997 Feb;3(2):235-7.

Visualization of silicone gel in human breast tissue using new infrared imaging spectroscopy.

Kidder LH, Kalasinsky VF, Luke JL, Levin IW, Lewis EN.

Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0510, USA.

Between 1 and 2 million women in the United States have silicone breast implants. Complications include capsular contracture and calcification and possibly connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis, a subject of some controversy. In order to accurately assess the role of silicone in any histopathologic change, it is necessary to confirm its presence and to identify other foreign materials in the capsular tissue. Although light microscopy is used to visualize regions of tissue containing foreign inclusions, their chemical identity can only be determined using analytical techniques such as infrared or Raman microscopy. However, these conventional microprobe techniques record spectra only at single points and require an a priori knowledge of the locations of the inclusion to be probed. To significantly extend the capabilities of both infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy, we have developed a new infrared imaging system that completely integrates these two methods. In this manuscript we highlight the ability of the technique to screen rapidly and to determine accurately the presence, size and chemical composition of silicone gel inclusions in human breast tissue.

MeSH Terms:

Breast/pathology*

Breast Implants/adverse effects*

Female

Humans

Silicones*

Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Substances:

Silicones

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Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1998 Feb;44(1):75-80.

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Characterization of silicone breast implant biopsies by Fourier transform infrared mapping.

Ali SR, Johnson FB, Luke JL, Kalasinsky VF.

Department of Environmental and Toxicologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral mapping was used to study polymers in human tissue associated with silicone breast implants. Biomaterials such as polyesters, polyurethanes and silicone were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, and their relative locations and distributions within tissue specimens were characterized by three-dimensional (3D) spectral maps. ================

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http://pubs.acs.org/journals/chromatography/chap6.html

Biotechnology (Medical). One of the more popular commercial uses of poly(dimethylsiloxane) is as the gel in silicone breast implants. The gel contains both high and low molecular weight (LMW) silicones, but only the LMW components are known to leak from the implants into organs and tissues.

Silicon has been identified in the serum and plasma of patients with implants, but whether the measured silicon levels correlate with the LMW silicones leached from the implants had never been made clear. Researchers at the University of Essen in Germany recently developed a one-step preparation for the detection of LMW silicones in blood samples (Flassbeck et al., 2001). Their method, which uses a traditional GC-MS instrument, requires a low solvent volume and is highly sensitive and reproducible; the experimental results conclusively show that women with silicone gel implants have increased concentrations of LMW cyclic siloxanes in their bloodstreams.

Similarly, researchers at Baylor University in Houston have used GC-MS along with GC coupled atomic emission detection (AED) methods to identify and quantify linear and cyclic siloxanes in biological tissues (Kala et al., 1997). Specifically, using GC-AED, the researchers were able to detect 12 silicon-containing peaks in an ultra-trace-level concentration sample of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and then identify each of those relative peaks using GC-MS.

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HISTOLOGICAL TYPES	CHARACTERIZATION
GENERAL
BREAST IMPLANTS
Pathology of Lymph Nodes From Patients With Breast Implants: A Histologic and Spectroscopic Evaluation. Katzin WE, Centeno JA, Feng LJ, Kiley M, Mullick FG. From the Departments of *Pathology and double daggerSurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and daggerDepartment of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC.	Am J Surg Pathol. 2005 Apr;29(4):506-511. Abstract quote
	There are only a few published reports describing the pathology of regional lymph nodes from patients with silicone breast implants. Systematic analytical chemical verification of foreign material has not previously been reported. In this study, biopsies of regional lymph nodes from 96 patients with breast implants were studied using conventional histology as well as laser-Raman microprobe spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Lymph nodes from 12 patients without implants served as negative controls. Foamy macrophages, ranging from rare scattered cells to confluent sheets, were observed in sections of lymph nodes from 91 patients with implants and only rare foamy macrophages were observed in sections from 4 patients without implants. Refractile material consistent with silicone was observed in sections from 86 patients with implants and in no sections from patients without implants. Fragments of foreign material consistent with polyurethane were observed in sections from 16 patients with implants and in no sections from patients without implants. Using spectroscopy, the presence of silicone was confirmed in 71 patients with implants, and the presence of polyurethane was confirmed in 2 patients with implants. Spectroscopy was negative for silicone and polyurethane in all patients without implants. In summary, regional lymph nodes from patients with breast implants often have histologic evidence of silicone migration. Characteristic histologic findings include foamy macrophages and refractile droplets of clear material. Polygonal fragments of polyurethane were observed in lymph nodes from a number of patients. This finding has not been previously reported. The presence of silicone and polyurethane was confirmed using confocal laser-Raman microprobe and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Other than two prior case reports, this is the first confirmatory evidence of silicone migration to lymph nodes in patients with breast implants and this is the first confirmatory report of polyurethane migration to lymph nodes.